• Energy metabolism framework for exercise: multiple works converge on how aerobic and anaerobic processes, oxygen supply, and energy budgeting constrain muscular work, linking energy liberated to mechanical output within general physiology models [1], [3], [4], [11], [14], [17], [20].

• Oxygen transport and gas exchange as core determinants of exercised performance: arterial oxygen saturation, gas-exchange dynamics, and oxygen delivery to contracting muscles are studied across human and animal contexts [1], [6], [7], [9], [20].

• Anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid dynamics in muscle activity: focused investigations on lactic acid production, anaerobic energy, and their relation to endurance and performance [1], [3], [5], [16].

• Mechanical efficiency and maximum work in skeletal muscles: maximal force generation, energy cost, and efficiency are analyzed through mechanical and physiological lenses, including running resistance and muscular work [8], [9], [13], [14], [18], [19].

• Foundational general physiology and cross-species models: broad frameworks and comparative studies provide scaffolding for exercise physiology, integrating energy metabolism, respiration, and cellular processes [6], [10], [11], [12], [20].